travel

Making America Great: The Beginning

mystoryorhistoryLeave a comment

We have been living with the red-hatted MAGA mantra for close to 10 years. I think this shibboleth historically does the country and its people a great disservice. Yes, it is a forward thinking concept. But in many ways MAGA focuses on the foibles and glitches of the present and omits the fact that America has always been a country that is constantly under construction; progressively moving forward in science, trade, economics and human rights.

I am not sure if we have ever had a period in our history where we have stomped the mud off our boots and dusted our hands and said, “My work here is done.” The only thing that comes to mind is planting the flag on the moon. The last man on the Moon was Gene Cernan way back in December of 1972. In fact no humans have been more than 400 miles from the Earth since that Apollo 17 flight. Every country with a space program is still flying in our contrails.

There are many reason why America has progressively moved forward. The early Puritans considered the New World to be a “beacon on a hill.” Today, President Trump is putting forth the concept that improving tariffs are a mechanism to keep that beacon shining. However, many are questioning if tariffs are the right tool for the time.

Even if we look back to what has to be our darkest moment there was progress. During the Civil War when the country ripped itself apart over a slave based economic system, a time when cotton accounted for 60 percent of the country’s trade revenues, a time when hundreds of thousands of men fought over Union and slavery; America was still moving forward. And, The Homestead Act was just one part of making America great in the post Civil War era.

During the Civil War, while the country was giving its last full measure of devotion to reunite a divided country there was hope with landmark legislation like The Homestead Act 1862. The Act opened up 270 million acres to “anyone” 21 year old or the head of a household. There were two caveats: you had to be a citizen or declare the intentions of becoming one; and well, if you took up arms against or aided enemies (the Confederacy) of the United States you need not apply. A step in making America great. However, this step, a concept of an individual owning 160 acres of western land, clashed with Native American ideas of land ownership and management.

Washington [D.C.] is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.— attributed to Horace Greeley, New-York Daily Tribune, July 13, 1865

But what made this act so important is it dovetailed neatly into the concept of Manifest Destiny. A belief that America was destined to be a country from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Americans, or English Colonials, have always pushed westward through the Cumberland Gap on the Wilderness Road into Kentucky and Tennessee or the National Road out of western Maryland on into Indiana. River travel played a big role in moving settlers and goods on rivers like the Ohio and its tributaries that flowed to the Mississippi.

However, at this time the United States was hemmed in by the Mississippi River to the West and Spanish Florida to the South. Nobody was really sure what lay on the other side of the Mississippi River in 1800. For instance, the Spanish searched all over the Southwest looking for a city made of gold called Eldorado. (They were looking in the wrong places. All they really needed to do was build a sawmill in Northern California and maybe American history would have been a whole lot different.)

This belief that America was to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific grew legs with Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase. The cry “go west young man” and the slogan “Manifest Destiny” were still to come. But, the early 1800s was also a time of some ill conceived ideas. Americans were picking a Quasi War in the late 1790s with France and a real war, again, trying to settle old scores with Great Britain in 1812. While we were fighting the British we also took another crack at conquering Canada. it seems history has circled back again on conquering Canada, this time with tariffs.


The Homestead Act of 1862 was a revolutionary concept for distributing public land in American history. This law turned over vast amounts of the public domain to private citizens. 270 millions acres, or 10% of the area of the United States was claimed and settled under this act. Repercussions of this monumental piece of legislation can be detected throughout America today.–National Park Service

The new nation’s eyes were also focused south on the Spanish possession, the appendage we know as Florida. At that time there were two Floridas, as if one was not bad enough: an East Florida and a West Florida. It was West Florida that abutted New Orleans and the part of Florida that was not included in the Louisiana Purchase. Despite diplomatic haggling, Presidents Madison and Monroe got nowhere on changing Spain, France or Britain’s mind as to America owning what would later become chunks of Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. Spain, unlike France, was not interested in selling off its North American holdings. However that was about to change.

In 1804 Jefferson was after New Orleans, the crown jewel in the Louisiana Purchase. As long as any foreign country owned New Orleans it put a serious crimp in bottling up American trade coming down the river. Forget tarifs, the fledgling country needed an outlet for its western produce. America needed West Florida to get its goods to what would later be known as the Gulf of America and on to foreign markets or back east to New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

The process of acquiring this chunk of Gulf Coast would take several diplomatic incidents. But it was General Andrew Jackson that got the ball rolling. During the War of 1812, while other generals were floundering in taking Canada, while the British burning Washington City; Jackson was fighting both the British and Native Americans in the South. He whipped the Native Americans in what was known as the Creek War and whipped the British in the Battle for New Orleans. Once the war with the British was over he was able to turn his full attention to the various renegades who were crossing to and fro across the the US and Spanish Florida border. (It seems like some things in history never change.)

Now, in most wars there is always at least one country ready to supply the locals with the needed provisions to wage war. Like the United States sending weapons to Ukraine. In this case it was Britain supplying the Native American tribes of the Southeast with the tools of the trade. The Spanish did not seem to mind. Nor did they care who came and went across the border. Runaway slaves from Georgia found refuge among the Native Americans. Two groups that had a vested interest in helping Spain keep Florida and keeping Jackson out.

If there is one thing that history has taught us is that Native Americans never come out on the winning side of a war involving Europeans and Americans. Once Jackson sent the British running back to the Gulf of Mexico, as it was known back then, he began chasing Native Americans and runaway slaves seeking asylum in Spanish territory. In his incursion into Spanish Florida combatants were killed, forts and personal property were destroyed. Caught up in the hostilities were two British nationals: Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. Both were convicted of aiding Seminoles and other Native American tribes. Jackson gave both men a short shrift and a short rope. Both ended up getting hung along with two Seminole chiefs creating an international incident. It was a diplomatic mess that Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, had to clean up. The whole affair would become the first of three Seminole Wars.

A side note here. A small country like Denmark might want to take note. When it comes to land, Americans usually get what they want. Just ask any Native American tribe or Mexico, For instance Florida, the Monroe Administration wanted Florida. Later it was the Polk administration going after Texas. If anything, Jackson’s running around Florida made it clear that Spain could not control the border or its inhabitants. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams presented Spain with the ultimatum either control your people or we will.

If it was anybody who had the art of the deal down it was John Quincy Adams. It was the Onís-Adams Treaty of 1819, which according to history.state.gov, “Spain ceded East Florida to the United States and renounced all claim to West Florida. Spain received no compensation, but the Unites States agreed to assume liability for $5millin in damages done by (Jackson) American citizens who rebelled against Spain”

The Onís-Adams Treaty resulted in the 1821 Transcontinental Treaty. What makes the treaty important is that it “defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase.” It led Spain to surrender “its claims to the Pacific Northwest (Oregon Territory). In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.” A recognition that would last less than 30 years. Adams also worked out the northern boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory with Great Britain. Once Adams set these boundaries the march to the Pacific and making America great was about to begin.

In just a little more than 10 Years America increased its size by one million square miles.

  • The Louisiana Purchase: 828,000 Square Miles;
  • The Oregon Territory: 288,000 Square Miles;
  • and Florida: 72,000 Square Miles.

And this does not include Mexican controlled California and Texas, yet to be acquired.

The biggest problem Americans faced was getting over the Mississippi River. The technology to capitalize on all of this land had yet to be developed. Canals connecting rivers to the Mississippi River had to be built. According to mississippiriver.com, “In 1814 the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals, however, over the course of the following 20 years, that number exploded to more than 1200. The steamboat’s place as a transportation necessity was secured.” It was the beginning of making America great.

From Gilded Age to Golden Age

mystoryorhistoryLeave a comment
contemplative images flickr.com

In President Trump’s Inaugural Address he boldly stated, “The golden age of America begins right now.” It has a nice ring to it but when you think about it, America’s last attempt at a golden age was called the Gilded Age.

Our Gilded Age was a time that was between the Civil War and the and turn of the 20th Century. It was a time when America was unfolding itself from sea to shining sea. History.com describes it as an era where “America became more prosperous and saw unprecedented growth in industry and technology.” But it was also an era as History.com says, that “had a more sinister side: It was a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth and opulence at the expense of the working class. In fact, it was wealthy tycoons, not politicians, who inconspicuously held the most political power during the Gilded Age.”

For a Golden Age to be golden it needs to fit the following criteria:

  • The age must have stable economic growth, trade and the creation of wealth;
  • The age must have significant advancements in the arts, literature and science that contributes to the advancement of civilization;
  • The age must be one of discovery and innovation where progress pushes the envelope of what is possible;
  • Finally, it must be an age where there are peaceful relations among citizens and other countries.

Granted very few eras in history have hit all of the above criteria in full. It could be argued that for most of the United States history the US has come close to meeting most of the criteria to some degree some of the time; and at other times completely disregarded others. But even the Gilded Age with its moments of great wealth had its moments of economic panics, followed once again with the creation of great wealth. It was a time when the captains of industry controlled entire industries creating monopolies and trusts. and full employment. But it was a time where workers barley made $500 a year.

 Like today, New York City was the center of the financial system. Between 1863 and 1913, eight banking panics occurred in the money center of Manhattan. The panics in 1884, 1890, 1899, 1901, and 1908 were confined to New York and nearby cities and states. The panics in 1873, 1893, and 1907 spread throughout the nation.–federalreservehistory.org

According to the Thomas Edison National Historical Park, “In 1879, he made an incandescent bulb that burned long enough to be practical, long enough to light a home for many hours.” Within 60 years there would be night baseball.

Louis Bachrach Studios Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress

It was a period of peace and innovation. Inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell pushed the boundaries of science. Their inventions had a great impact on raising America’s standard of living and helped push the world into an electronic age of light and communication.

Alexander Bell places the first long-distance call from New York to Chicago in 1892. There were no free minutes at that time or unlimited texting.

Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress

With the influx of immigrants, a segregated population became more segregated with laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It was a law that restricted Chinese laborers from entering the country, among other restrictions. It also affected Chinese immigrants already in the country by making them permanent aliens. It was an act of denying them citizenship. It was also a time where women, citizens, were denied the right to vote.

And it was a time of full employment fueled by immigrants, where workers barley made $500 a year. It was also a time dangerous working and conditions for labor. One slip or injury could cause economic devastation for a family. Unions fought for survival. However most were crushed from the weight of business interests working in conjunction with the government.

  • There was the Haymarket Riot of 1886 where workers were rallying for an 8 hour day. A bomb exploded killing workers and seven policemen.
  • There was the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 where workers battled Pinkerton Detectives brought in by Andrew Carnegie’s chief executive Henry Clay Frick to break the strike. Eventually the Pennsylvania Militia was called out and the union organization was crushed.
  • And two years later there was the Pullman Strike. Pullman manufactured railroad cars. In 1893 George Pullman laid off seventy-five percent of the work force and reduced wages for those still working. The the American Railway Union called for a nationwide strike shutting down rail travel in 27 states. Eventually, President Grover Cleveland sent in 10,000 troops to quash the strike.

The annual income of an American worker in 1890, at the height of the Gilded Age. Adjusted for inflation, that’s just under $1,500 in today’s dollars.–Investopedia

Sticking with the railroad motif, Louisiana in 1890 passed The Separate Car Act. Railroads were required to provide “equal but separate accommodations for white and African American passengers.” Additionally, according to Britannica.com, the law prohibited passengers from entering accommodations other than those to which they had been assigned on the basis of their race.

The argument necessarily assumes … that social prejudices may be overcome by legislation, and that equal rights cannot be secured to the negro except by an enforced commingling of the two races. We cannot accept this proposition. If the two races are to meet upon terms of social equality, it must be the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other’s merits, and a voluntary consent of individuals. (From Brown’s majority opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson. In other words, don’t trip over the color line on the way out.

Original published in The American Magazine in 1905 Frances Benjamin Johnston

It is amazing how educated legal minds can interpret the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. When this law was challenged in court it made its way to the Supreme Court. In Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that separate accommodations did not violate the Thirteenth or Fourteenth Amendments. Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote for the majority. He “argued, because the amendment was intended to secure only the legal equality of African Americans and whites, not their social equality. Legal equality was adequately respected in the act because the accommodations provided for each race.” The lone dissenting vote came from John Marshall Harlan who fundamentally objected to the statute because “it interferes with the personal freedom of citizens.” The ruling gave us the concept of “separate but equal.” A dogmatic principle that hung around for another 50 plus years.

A Golden Age is a term used to describe a period in history where a culture, society, or nation experiences a period of prosperity, peace, and advancements. This era is characterized by significant achievements, significant contributions, and a collective sense of prosperity and unity. Golden ages are often marked by major advances in science, technology, art, and literature.–California Learning Resource Network

Before declaring a golden age Trump and company should look at what they are up against. They may have a hard time competing with the likes of ancient Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty. We might be going back more than 4500 years but in its golden age these pharaohs put up some impressive feats, like building pyramids. According to Pharaoh.se “the pharaohs of this dynasty only ruled for a little more than a century (and we think eight years is a long time), and yet they managed to have the three pyramids of Giza built in that time.” The pharaoh Sneferu started construction of the first pyramid and built three more, (no doubt letting the Nubians to pay for last two).

The Pyramids of Giza
Ricardo Liberato, Wikimedia Commons

His son Khufu continually improved upon his dad’s work. No pressure on Don Junior. In Trump’s first term he could not complete a wall along the Southern Border. (It was foiled when Mexico reneged on its fiduciary participation.) However Trump is proposing the Stargate Initiative. According to Forbes, this is “a $500 billion private sector deal to expand U.S. artificial intelligence infrastructure. Spearheaded by tech giants OpenAI, SoftBank, and Oracle, Stargate represents the largest AI infrastructure project in history.” Move over pyramids because the Yanks are coming! The sky’s the limit when billionaires get together. (At least three have skirted outer space.)

And then there is the Golden Age of Ukraine. If Trump plans to end Russia’s conquest of Ukraine he might want to bone up on Vladimir I or just Vladimir the Great. And no, this is not Putin but the “founding father” of Kievan Rus’. Putin might be using history to repeat Vladimir I’s medieval accomplishments. We have to harken back the 10th and 11th Century when Kievan Rus’ was Europe’s most powerful European state. A state without nuclear weapons. Vladimir I is credited with expanding Christianity to that region. Originally a pagan, much like Saul of Tarsus, he saw the light. When he converted to Christianity he oversaw the conversion of Kyiv and Novgorod to Christianity as well. For kicks he had all pagan idols thrown into the Dnieper River.

And lest not forget what was once “The Red Menace” from the East, China. Any golden age today has to take into account one of the oldest cultures in human civilization. Just look to the Tang Dynasty. Its first emperor was Gaozu (also Kao-tsu, formerly Li Yuan,-tsu (618-626 C.E.). According to ushistory.org, Gaozu “granted equal amounts of land to each adult male in return for taxes and continued the trend of local government rule…he also created a monetary system of copper coins.” Maybe Trump and Friends are onto something with Bitcoin. And he wrote a set of laws that were revised every two decades that lasted into the 14th century and the Ming dynasty. Sounds a bit like our Presidential Executive Orders, subject change but more frequently.

Emperor Gaozu was a Sui military commander who led a rebellion against his former masters, seized control of the state, and founded the Tang Dynasty
Public Domain

There is a cautionary tale here: “One of Gaozu son’s, General Li Shih-min, succeeded in eliminating all political rivals of the Tang and established firm control of the Tang dynasty over the newly reunified China. He then proceeded to murder his brothers, and forced his father (Gaozu) to abdicate the throne to him. Preferring his temple name, Tai-tsung took the throne in 626 C.E. The Golden Age of China had begun.” Nothing like a little fratricide and shoving the old man off the throne to get a golden age kicked off.

And if Trump wants to purse a Mideast policy he might want to look into the Islamic Golden Age. According Islamic History this golden age “is traditionally dated from the mid-7th century to the mid-13th century during which Muslim rulers established one of the largest empires in history.” It was period when artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, traders contributed “to agriculture, the arts, economics” mathematics and science. This was a time before OPEC, BP, Mobile, Exxon and Chevron–and Israel.

A little closer to our time the Elizabethan Age between 1558 and 1603 is referred to as a Golden Age of England. “According to Britannica, “it was a span of time characterized by relative peace and prosperity and by a flowering of artistic, literary and intellectual culture.” It was a time of Shakespeare.

With America’s stable economy and government, great universities and innovative thinkers, Trump has a lot to work with in getting a golden age cranked up. A lot of the elements needed to create a golden age are already present. They just need to be combined and conducted into a fine symphony. However, it is going to take more than handing out fries under the Golden Arches to create an age greatness.